The Goldberg Variations by J. S. Bach are comprised of a theme (the so-called Aria) and 30 variations.
The Aria resembles a binary dance movement known as “sarabande,” where the movements are repeated. The Aria has two parts, with 16 bars in each part of equal length. Individual variations display unique time signatures, i.e., the duration of melodic materials and the harmonic rhythm.
The overall shape of the composition also reflects a typical symmetry, as the pieces are divided into two groups. Also, Bach uses a “French Overture,” as the second part starts with the piece “No.16.”
The composer displays a strategic masterstroke, placing it effectively after “No.15” – a Canon in “G minor.” This amplifies the musical impact and offers a new beginning with vivid contrast. The concepts of symmetry and the usage of numbers become the core structure of the masterpiece.
Here is pianist Glenn Gould to play this music for your enjoyment:
